Nnnproduction of hydrogen by electrolysis of water pdf

Its electrolysis is a simple way to hydrogen production that is, however, very demanding in terms of energy, which leads to high production costs and a high price. It is an extraordinary thing to see water burn like kerosene or explode like gasoline, but it is reality when dealing with the electrolysis of water. Generating hydrogen for energy storage power generation. If theoretical energy to break the water molecule is of 285 kjmol or 12. Researchers have now doubled the efficiency of the reaction. The process of electrolysis is inter change of atoms and ions. Pressure dynamic consultants pdc4 2stage, triple diaphragm compressor 3600psig discharge hydrogen compressor. As world market leader in chloralkali electrolysis we put our technological expertise, our plant engineering and construction knowhow into a highefficiency solution.

Hydrogen electrolysis has met commercial resistance in the past but much of that resistance is now fading. Water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources, is expected to enable the scaleup of hydrogen production, and zero co 2 emissions are produced in water electrolysis processes. Only large scale alternative for fossilfree production. A portable hydrogen generator for the homemaker this project. The use of saline water sea water in particular as a feedstock for producing hydrogen by. If the electricity required to split the water into hydrogen and oxygen is supplied via a renewable energy source then the process is environmentally benign.

Hydrogen production by the electrolysis of saline water. If water electrolysis is driven by renewable electricity, it can be used in fuelcell electric vehicles to displace petroleum, increase vehicle efficiency, and reduce the. Electrolysis is one of the acknowledged means of generating chemical products from their native state. Hydrogen generation by water electrolysis intechopen. Typical characteristics of main electrolysis technologies are listed in table 1. Lifecycle analysis of water consumption for hydrogen production.

Hydrogen generation by solar photolysis of water remains the prime target of research in photoelectrochemistry. Water and the hydrogen it contains is more abundant than hydrocarbons are. In this lab, were going to start by using electrolysis to split water molecules h 2o into hydrogen and oxygen gas. Hydrogen production via electrolysis of water water splitting reaction is a means of storing excess electrical energy produced by renewable energy sources. Improvements and optimisation of water electrolysis for. Among the different methods of its production, the electrolysis of water has attracted great attention because it is a sustainable and renewable chemical technology. Hydrogen flow produced by electrolysis is dependent on current, duration time, and stoichiometric ratio of hydrogen to electrons. Electricity is used to split water into hydrogen h2 and oxygen o2. Hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis is well established technology up to the megawatt range for commercial level in worldwide and the phenomenon first introduced by troostwijk and diemann in 1789. When a direct current is passed through the water, oxygen appears at the. Development of methodology and investigation of process of hydrogen evolving by seawater electrolysis.

Alkaline water electrolysis uses fresh water with low salt content, and hence additional treatment and desalination systems add to the cost of hydrogen produced. Pdf hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis. Currently, the primary means of manufacturing hydrogen is to strip it from natural gas mostly methane via steam methane reforming smr. Hydrogen has two main applications as an energy vector. Pdf hydrogen production by the electrolysis of saline. To perform a decomposition reaction through the use of electrolysis to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen gas. Electrolysis of water north thurston public schools. Hydrogen peroxide was produced by direct current electrolysis using only two electrodes, a carbon felt cathode and a ruo2 coated titanium anode. Water can be split up in some degree at temperatures beginning with 1800c. In this thesis, the thermodynamics and electrochemistry associated with water electrolysis are described. If renewable energy is used, the gas has a zerocarbon footprint, and is known as green hydrogen. Sep 30, 2009 such a newbie is h2 power systems, based in the uk, that has designed an onsite and ondemand hydrogen producing system based not on electrolysis, but on thermolysis, which is the splitting of water at very high temperatures. Nevertheless, in the near future, hydrogen is expected to become a significant fuel that will largely contribute to the quality of atmospheric air.

An electric current splits water into its constituent parts. This chapter is devoted to the hydrogen generation by water electrolysis as an. Hydrogen is a promising energy vector for the future. Hydrogen production increasing the efficiency of water electrolysis donald l. Few a a imperial college london, grantham institute d climate change and the environment, exhibition road, london, sw7 2az, uk b imperial college london, centre for environmental policy, 15 princes gardens, london, sw7 2az, uk.

Hydrogen can be an important element in reducing global climate change if the feedstock and process to produce the hydrogen are carbon free. The production of hydrogen, vector of energy, by electrolysis way and by using photovoltaic solar energy can be optimized by suitable choice of electrolytes. Thus, hydrogen represents a suitable energy vector for the storage of intermittent energies. Electrolysis of water hydrogen electrolysis is the process of running an electrical current through water h2o and separating the hydrogen from the oxygen. However, efforts to increase the energy efficiency and reduce the cost of water electrolysis continue even today. Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. An overview of hydrogen production technologies of water. Electrolysis of water what is hydrogen electrolysis. Electrolysis involves splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen with the help of electricity. Electrolysis uses an electric current to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Alkaline water electrolysis is one of the easiest methods for hydrogen production that has the advantage of simplicity. The required oxygen was supplied by oxidation of water and by transfer from the atmosphere or by pure oxygen injection.

Finally, a powerto hydrogen infrastructure design for lappeenranta university of. Using nuclear energy to power a high temperature water electrolysis process meets these constraints while another uses heat and electricity from solar electric concentrators. The final design was created to optimize costeffectiveness and portability while maximizing hydrogen output. Improvements and optimisation of water electrolysis for hydrogen production kai zeng m.

A feasible production in this way is tied to the cheap production of electricity from solar, wind and water resources or from nuclear facilities. This reaction takes place in a unit called an electrolyzer. However, to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, hydrogen can be produced using a variety of resources including biomass, hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, nuclear, coal with carbon capture. Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas due to the passage of an electric current this technique can be used to make hydrogen gas, a main component of hydrogen fuel, and breathable oxygen gas, or can mix the two into oxyhydrogen, which is also usable as fuel, though more volatile and dangerous it is also called water splitting. Hydrogen production is the family of industrial methods for generating hydrogen gas. Hydrogen as a chemical element h is the most widespread one on the earth and as molecular dihydrogen h 2 can be. Salinity effect on the produced hydrogen effi ciency by waste water electrolyse. The electricity required can be generated using any of a number of resources. Development of hydrogen electrodes for alkaline water electrolysis.

Depletion and geopolitical concerns for water are in general far less serious than are those for hydrocarbons. Pdf hydrogen production using sea water electrolysis. Hydrogen can be manufactured or extracted from hydrogen rich materials such as coal, natural gas, biomass, or water. Water electrolysis is a quite old technology started around two centuries back, but promising technology for hydrogen production. Electricity need directly proportional to the cell voltage e. Factors with an influence on the corrosion 1 dissociative adsorption of water on the support surface and formation of hydroxyl groups. Electrolysis of water creating hydrogen hydrogen cars now. Following a brief introduction into the thermodynamics and kinetics of water electrolysis, recent developments in oxygen evolving anodes, hydrogen evolving. If the electricity comes from renewable energy sources such as biomass, solar or wind, the electrolyser produces green hydrogen. A systematic study on electrolytic production of hydrogen. Economic modeling of cost effective hydrogen production. Lifecycle analysis of water consumption for hydrogen production amgad elgowainy pi, jeongwoo han presenter, uisung lee, jeff li, jennifer dunn, and michael wang argonne national laboratory june 8, 2016. This hydrogen gas may be used directly to produce power via combustion or recombination with oxygen in a fuel cell, it may be injected into the natural gas network, and it may be used as a. Hydrogen hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe and the.

Incidentally, an electrolytic cell is the exact opposite of a chemical battery see the juice battery lab. Alkaline water electrolysis hydrogen production wiley. Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas due to the passage of an electric current. A photovoltaic model with its panel, electrolysers and their electrodes made in various materials, are repre sented by the following photograph figure 1. The production of hydrogen by water electrolysis eprints soton. Hydrogen production by electrolysis results figure 5. Electrolysis for hydrogen production from nuclear energy. Finally, the kinetics of the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions are analyzed. Nrel h22 electrolysis utility integration workshop. Some units include water purification inside their hydrogen. The cell for fresh water electrolysis is known as the h 2o 2 cell, while for saturated brine elec trolysis, it is described as the h 2cl 2 cell for caustic soda production. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis sciencedirect.

Two involve an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide koh, which is used because of its high. Pdf production of hydrogen by electrolysis of water. Assuming ideal gas behavior and identical water solubilities, there should be twice the volume of hydrogen formed as there was oxygen. The role of electrolyte ph, operating temperature and operating pressure are discussed. The main water electrolysis technologies are presented with stateoftheart specifications. Hydrogen from water advantages and disadvantages hydrogen. Water electrolysis has a high separation factor but the only way to apply it repeatedly is. Open access hydrogen production using sea water electrolysis. Clean hydrogen obtained through thermolysis of water by h2. Hydrogen production increasing the efficiency of water. To analyze the results of the reactio to see if it can be used to determine the composition of water quantitatively. In the proton exchange membrane pem, ultrapure water is split. Alkaline water electrolysis process initially at the cathode side two molecules of alkaline solution kohnaoh were reduced to one molecule of hydrogen h 2 and two hydroxyl.

In the electrolysis of water, electrodes are inert solids like platinumpalladium whereas electrolyte is a. Safety small amounts of explosive hydrogen gas will be generated. Salinity effect on the consumed specific electric power to produce hydrogen by waste water electrolysis. So, electrolysis of water to hydrogen and oxygen will be very small. The main advantage of alkaline water electrolysis over other water electrolysis technology lies in the fact that alkaline electrolysers can be made of abundant and inexpensive materials. Industrial solutions hydrogen from largescale electrolysis. Purchase pem water electrolysis, volume 1 1st edition. The hydrogen escapes from the surface of the cathode recombined in a gaseous form. In the former, hydrogen is the main product, while in the. Then a definition of the water splitting efficiency is provided, and main sources of irreversibility are listed. Three types of industrial electrolysis units are being produced today. Cost assessment of hydrogen production from pv and. The hydrogen gas is then processed and passed to the hydrogen outlet.

Chapter 16 hydrogen from water electrolysis school of chemistry. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis effects of the electrodes materials nature on the solar water electrolysis performances 2. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis effects of the. The water electrolysis reaction and systems are explored from different points of view, including an assessment of state of theart technologies. Producing hydrogen from water may be achieved in several different ways such as electrolysis, direct solar, thermonuclear high temperature cracking, using catalysts, using biomaterials or using some form of chemicals to split water h2o into h2 hydrogen and o oxygen. Preparation of hydrogen by electrolysis of water youtube. The current was maintained below a maximum value to avoid peroxide reduction. Solarpowered electrolysis of water and the hydrogen. In particular, hydrogen can be generated from water electrolysis using all those processes that can give the required 1. By removing or adding electrons which happens by an external circuit. So is hydrogen, thanks to largescale water electrolysis by thyssenkrupp.

However, the technologies to produce hydrogen from nonfossil sources such as. Cost assessment of hydrogen production from pv and electrolysis. The rectifier power supply provides up to 340 vdc at up to 1,200 a for the electrolysis stacks. The oxygen gas produced is vented to the atmosphere.

Technoeconomic analysis of pem electrolysis for hydrogen production strategic analysis inc. Pem water electrolysis uses electrical power to split water into oxygen o. Mar 10, 2016 water electrolysis has not yet established itself as a method for the production of hydrogen. Teledyne energy systems altus 20 dries gas to less than 1 ppm water content teledyne energy systems altus 20 electrolytic hydrogen generator 20 slm hydrogen generator. Water electrolysis process, different stages, important.

Research has focused on electrocatalytic materials11, temperature and pressure effects5, 14. Hydrogen may also be produced via electrolysis of water. Electrolysis is a promising option for hydrogen production from renewable resources. Sep 25, 2014 hydrogen can be produced with a simple process called electrolysis. Hydrogen is produced via electrolysis by passing electricity through two electrodes in water. Thermodynamics aspect of high pressure hydrogen production by water electrolysis 439 combining 6, 4 and 11 we obtain the gibbs free energy for the corresponding temperature and then the reversible voltage as. Hydrogen h 2 is currently used mainly in the chemical industry for the production of ammonia and methanol. Alkaline electrolysis the principle of alkaline water electrolysis is schematically shown in fig. Water electrolysis for hydrogen production in brazilian. However, electrolysis is a potential source of hydrogen energy for several 5. The photo electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen using solar energy is potentially a clean and renewable source of hydrogen fuel for the hydrogen economy. Economic modeling of cost effective hydrogen production from water electrolysis by utilizing icelands regulatin g power market jeffrey jacobs january 2016 abstract water electrolysis technologies have demonstrated their ability to perform sufficiently enough for electrical grid balancing services while also. Water electrolysis based on renewable energy for hydrogen.

Alternatives to water for feeding the electrolysis cell anode and for electrochemical hydrogen production such as alcohol or other compounds from biomass are discussed. H 2 production by electrolysis water is also dependent on factors that directly affect the efficiency of h 2 production 2. To be presented at the 18th world hydrogen energy conference. The water molecule is split and produces oxygen at the anode and hydrogen at the cathode. Review of water electrolysis technologies and design of. The amount of hydrogen and oxygen gases produced in this lab. Not in or near, because free oxygen and hydrogen are rising into the air, and is saturated in the water itself, because these molecules are dissolved in the water.

Abstract cost is a major drawback that limits the industrial. Hydrogen gas is explosive and oxygen gas can promote rapid burning of flammable materials. Electrolysis of water involves the breakdown of water. Indeed, the use of solar energy in electrolysis processes proved to be the method most costeffective and protective of environment 1. Water electrolysis has been known for more than 200 years9 and applied on industrial hydrogen production for over 100 years2, 10. Hydrogen peroxide production by water electrolysis. Two molecules of water are reduced to one molecule of hydrogen and two hydroxyl ions at the cathode. Efficient water splitting for hydrogen production can be accomplished via hightemperature electrolysis hte or thermochemical processes, using hightemperature nuclear process heat. The energy conversion efficiency of water photo electrolysis is determined mainly by the properties of the materials used as electrodes in the photoelectrochemical cell. Centre for energy this thesis is presented for the degree of doctor of philosophy in chemical engineering of the university of western australia june 2012. Technoeconomic analysis of pem electrolysis for hydrogen.

Cost assessment of hydrogen production from pv and electrolysis jim hinkley, jenny hayward, robbie mcnaughton, rob gillespie csiro ayako matsumoto mitsui global strategic studies institute muriel watt, keith lovegrove it power 21 march 2016 report to arena as part of solar fuels roadmap, project a3018 csiro energy. The electrolysis also involves the transfer of electrons from the anion to the anode and cathode to cations. In this experiment you will be taking a sample of salt water and add a flow of electricity to it the electrolysis. Fundamentals of water electrolysis hydrogen production. The hydrogen contains a portion of the electrical energy, and it can be used to generate electricity in a fuel cell by a process that is the reverse of electrolysis. Process where water h2o is split into hydrogen h2 and oxygen o2 gas with energy input and heat in the case of high temperature electrolysis. Other methods of hydrogen production include biomass gasification and electrolysis of water. The tentative theoretical and experimental works have shown that direct sea water electrolysis can be technically performed and is a perspective procedure for commercial production of hydrogen and associate products.